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RIVERS OF INDIA

Election Commissioners of India

List of Chief Election Commissioners of India Since 1950 to 2019

1. Sukumar Sen : 21 March, 1950 to 19 December, 1958

2. K. V. K. Sundaram : 20 December, 1958 to 30 September, 1967
3. S. P. Sen Verma : 1 October, 1967 to 30 September, 1972
4. Nagendra Singh : 1 October, 1972 to 6 February, 1973
5. T. Swaminathan : 7 February, 1973 to 17 June, 1977
6. S. L. Shakdhar : 18 June, 1977 to 17 June, 1982
7. R. K. Trivedi : 18 June, 1982 to 31 December, 1985
8. R. V. S. Peri Sastri : 1 January, 1986 to 25 November, 1990
9. V. S. Ramadevi : 26 November, 1990 to 11 December, 1990
10. T. N. Seshan : 12 December, 1990 to 11 December, 1996
11. M. S. Gill : 12 December, 1996 to 13 June, 2001
12. J. M. Lyngdoh : 14 June, 2001 to 7 February, 2004
13. T. S. Krishnamurthy : 8 February, 2004 to 15 May, 2005
14. B. B. Tandon : 16 May, 2005 to 28 June, 2006
15. N. Gopalaswami : 29 June, 2006 to 20 April, 2009
16. Navin Chawla : 21 April, 2009 to 29 July, 2010
17. S. Y. Quraishi : 30 July, 2010 to 10 June, 2012

18. V. S. Sampath : 10 June, 2012 to 15 January, 2015
19. H. S. Brahma : 15 January, 2015 to 18 April, 2015
20. Nasim Zaidi : 19 April, 2015 to 6 July, 2017
21. Achal Kumar Jyoti : 6 July, 2017 to 22 January, 2018
22. Om Prakash Rawat : 23 January, 2018 to 2 December, 2018

23. Sunil Arora : 2 December, 2018 to Incumbent 

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Birds of India

List of State Birds of India

State	Common name	Binomial nomenclature
Andhra Pradesh	Indian roller	Coracias benghalensis
Arunachal Pradesh	Great hornbill	Buceros bicornis
Assam	White-winged wood duck	Asarcornis scutulata
Bihar	Indian roller	Coracias benghalensis
Chhattisgarh	Bastar hill myna	Gracula religiosa peninsularis
Goa	Black-crested bulbul	Pycnonotus flaviventris
Gujarat	Greater flamingo	Phoenicopterus roseus
Haryana	Black francolin	Francolinus francolinus
Himachal Pradesh	Western tragopan (Jujurana)	Tragopan melanocephalus
Jammu and Kashmir	Black-necked crane	Grus nigricollis
Jharkhand	Asian koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus
Karnataka	Indian roller	Coracias benghalensis
Kerala	Great hornbill	Buceros bicornis
Madhya Pradesh	Asian paradise flycatcher	Terpsiphone paradisi
Maharashtra	Yellow-footed green pigeon	Treron phoenicoptera
Manipur	Mrs. Hume's pheasant	Syrmaticus humiae
Meghalaya	Hill myna	Gracula religiosa peninsularis
Mizoram	Mrs. Hume's pheasant	Syrmaticus humiae
Nagaland	Blyth's tragopan	Tragopan blythii
Odisha	Indian roller	Coracias benghalensis
Punjab	Northern goshawk	Accipiter gentilis
Rajasthan	Great Indian bustard	Ardeotis nigriceps
Sikkim	Blood pheasant	Ithaginis cruentus
Tamil Nadu	Emerald dove	Chalcophaps indica
Telangana	Indian roller	Coracias benghalensis
Tripura	Green imperial pigeon	Ducula aenea
Uttarakhand	Himalayan monal	Lophophorus impejanus
Uttar Pradesh	Sarus crane	Grus antigone
West Bengal	White-breasted kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis
Puducherry (UT)	Asian koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus
Lakshadweep (UT)	Sooty tern	Onychoprion fuscatus
Delhi(NCT)	House sparrow	Passer domesticus

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India's Update

FIRST IN INDIA

1. Who was the first President of India – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2. Who was the first Prime Minister of India – Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Who was the first Indian Governor-General of India – C. Rajagopalachari
4. Who was the first Mughal emperor – Babur
5. Who was the first President of USA – John Hanson
6. Who was the first woman President of India – Pratibha Devisingh Patil
7. Who was the first woman Prime Minister of India – Indira Gandhi
8. Who was the first king of India – Chandragupta Maurya
9. Who was the first astronaut – Yuri Gagarin
10. Who was the first attorney general of India – M. C. Setalvad
11. Who was the first American president to visit India – Dwight D. Eisenhower
12. Who was the first avenger – Captain America
13. Who was the first animal to go into space – Dog Laika
14. Who was the first astronaut to walk on the surface of the moon – Neil Armstrong
15. Who was the first astronaut of India – Rakesh Sharma
16. Who was the first army chief of India – Field Marshal Kodandera "Kipper" Madappa Cariappa
17. Who was the first president of America – John Hanson
18. Who was the first British governor-general of India – Warren Hastings
19. Who was the first black president of South Africa – Nelson Mandela
20. Who was the first Bharat Ratna – C. Rajagopalachari
21. Who was the first British governor of India – Warren Hastings
22. Who was the first battle of Panipat – 21 April 1526
23. Who was the first captain of Indian cricket team – C. K. Nayudu
24. Who was the first chief minister of Delhi – Chaudhry Brahm Prakash
25. Who was the first chief election commissioner of India – Sukumar Sen
26. Who was the first chairman of the planning commission of India – Jawaharlal Nehru
27. Who was the first chairman of Rajya Sabha – Dr. S Radhakrishnan
28. Who was the first chief minister of Bihar – Krishna Singh
29. Who was the first chairman of ISRO – Vikram Sarabhai
30. Who was the first deputy prime minister of India – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
31. Who was the first Dalit president of India – Kocheril Raman Narayanan
32. Who was the first defence minister of India – Baldev Singh
33. Who was the First Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha – S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao
34. Who was the first deputy speaker of Lok Sabha – Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar
35. Who was the first dog to go in space – Dog Laika
36. Who was the first deputy chairman of planning commission – Gulzarilal Nanda
37. Who was the first election commissioner of India – Sukumar Sen
38. Who was the first education minister of independent India – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
39. Who was the first emperor of India – Chandragupta Maurya
40. Who was the first governor – Warren Hastings
41. Who was the first governor-general of Bengal – Warren Hastings
42. Who was the first guru of Sikh – Guru Nanak
43. Who was the first health minister of India – Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
44. Who was the first home minister – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
45. Who was the first Indian to go into space – Rakesh Sharma
46. Who was the first IAS officer of India – Satyendranath Tagore
47. Who was the first Indian to climb Mount Everest – Avtar Singh Cheema
48. Who was the first Indian to win an Oscar – Bhanu Athaiya
49. Who was the first Indian cricket captain – CK Nayudu
50. Who was the first Indian governor general of India – Warren Hastings
51. Who was the first Indian to win Nobel prize – Rabindranath Tagore
52. Who was the first person in space – Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin
53. Who was the first woman in space – Valentina Tereshkova
54. Who was the first judge of supreme court of India – Harilal Jekisundas Kania
55. Who was the first Jnanpith Puraskar winner – G. Sankara Kurup
56. Who was the first judge of High Court – Leila Seth
57. Who was the first cm of Jammu and Kashmir – Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq
58. Who was the first governor of Jammu and Kashmir – Karan Singh
59. Who was the first king of England – Egbert (Ecgherht) 
60. Who was the first king of Nepal – Prithvi Narayan Shah
61. Who was the first law minister of India – Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
62. Who was the first Lok Sabha speaker – Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar
63. Who was the first leader of opposition in Lok Sabha – A K Gopalan
64. Who was the first man to land on moon – Neil Armstrong
65. Who was the first man to climb Mount Everest – Edmund Hillary
66. Who was the first Mughal ruler – Babur
67. Who was the first Muslim president of India – Zakir Husain
68. Who was the first Nobel prize winner in India – Rabindranath Tagore
69. Who was the first Nawab of Bengal – Murshid Quli Khan
70. Who was the first non-indian to receive Bharat Ratna – Mother Teresa
71. Who was the first nurse – Florence Nightingale72. Who was the first national security advisor of India – Brajesh Mishra
73. Who was the first Nobel prize winner in physics – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Germany)
74. Who was the first national ruler of India – Chandragupta Maurya
75. Who was the first Nizam of Hyderabad – Asaf Jah
76. Who was the first national poet of India – Rabindranath Tagore
77. Who was the first Oscar winner from India – Bhanu Athaiya
78. Who was the first Olympic winner – James Connolly
79. Who was the first owner of Kohinoor diamond – Kakatiya dynasty
80. Who was the first president of independent India – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
81. Who was the first railway minister of independent India – John Mathai
82. Who was the first recipient of Param Vir Chakra – Major Somnath Sharma
83. Who was the first ruler of slave dynasty – Quṭb al-Din Aibak
84. Who was the first ruler of Delhi sultanate –Quṭb al-Din Aibak
85. Who was the first Roman emperor – Augustus
86. Who was the first ruler of Mughal empire – Babur
87. Who was the first secretary general of UNO – Trygve Lie
88. Who was the first speaker of Rajya Sabha – Mr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
89. Who was the first test tube baby – Louise Joy Brown
90. Who was the first teacher of India – Savitribai Jyotirao Phule
91. Who was the first vice prime minister of India – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
92. Who was the first vice president of independent India – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
93. Who was the first voter of India – Shyam Saran Negi
94. Who was the first vice chairman of planning commission – V.T. Krishnamachari
95. Who was the first vice pm of India – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
96. Who was the first woman governor of India – Sarojini Naidu
97. Who was the first 20th-century president – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
98. what was the first five-year plan – 15 March 1950
99. Who was the first digital village in India – Akodara
100. Who was the first Wi-fi hotspot village in Haryana – Gumthala Garhu

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Classification of Computers

Classification of Computers (Different Types of Computers)

Classification of Computer (Different Types of Computers)

Computers can be classified in three ways.

 These are

1. Based on Memory Size and Performance: Microcomputer, Minicomputer, Mainframe computer and Supercomputer

2. Based on Work: Analog computer, Digital computer and Hybrid computer

3. Based on Purpose: General Purpose and Special Purpose

1. On the basis of Memory Size and Performance

Micro computers

Micro computers are the least powerful, but most widely used type of computer across the world. They are also known as portable computer because they are easy to move. They can be further classified into

1. Personal Computers

2. Laptops or Notebooks

3. Handheld Computers

4. Tablets

Mainframe computers

Mainframe computers are primarily deployed by the large corporate and governmental organizations for applications which requires bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics and transaction processing. They are designed for extensive input-output facilities with the ability to offload to separate engines. They are highly compatible with older versions of software. They are colloquially known as Big Iron by computer specialists because of their monolithic structures.

Minicomputer

Minicomputer is a class of computer developed after Mainframe computers. These are smaller and less powerful than Mainframe computers. They are usually employed by small organizations as computer server in their network who need less computing power than mainframe computers.

Supercomputers

Supercomputers are the fastest and most expensive computers in comparision to others. They are deployed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations such as weather forcasting and nuclear research. Their speed is measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second). CRAY-I was the first supercomputer introduced by Seymour R Cray in 1976. PARAM was the first supercomputer developed in India. IBM Summit is the fastest supercomputer as of now.

2. On the basis of Work Mechanism

Analog computers

Analog computers are the job-oriented computers which can carry out arithmetic and logical operations by manipulating an processing data. Examples: Speedometer, Seismograph, Voltmeter and Ammeter.

Digital computers

They work on binary mechanism of 0 and 1, to not perform mathemical calculations, but also to produce graphics, sounds and videos. Example: Laptop, Smartphones.

Hybrid computers

Hybrid computers combines the technology of both analog computers and digital computers to produce the desired result. These are usually specialized computers used in hospitals such as ECG machines.

3. On the basis of Purpose

General Purpose Computers

General purpose computers are those computers which are used to solve a variety of problems by changing a different set of instruction or program such as accounting and graphic design.

Special Purpose Computers

Special Purpose Computers are those computers which are designed to solve a particular problem such as automatic aircraft landing and multimedia computer.

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Computer Networks

Computer Security - Components and Methods

Computer Security - Components and Methods

Computer security, also known as cyber security or IT security, is branch of information technology, which is intended to protect computers from any personal (both social and economical) harm. It simply deals with the protection of a computer system and data they store.

Methods to Provide Protection

System Access Control

It ensures that unauthorized user do not get into the system by encouraging authorized users to more conscious. For example, by changing their passwords on regular intervals.

Data Access Control

It monitors who can access the data and for what purpose. The system can grant access to the data on the basis of access rules defined.

System and Security Administration

It performs offline security operations that makes or breaks the security system.

System Design

With the help of system design, one can take advantage of basic hardware and software security capabilities to secure the system. For example, using an architecture to segment and isolate process from others.

Components of Computer Security

Basic components of computer security are

1. Confidentiality: No data accessed by an unauthorized person.

2. Access Control: Ensures the access to the resources that are allowed to access for them.

3. Non-repudiation: Ensures that originator of the message cannot deny that they are not originator of the message.

4. Authentication: Ensures that users are the same person that they are claimed to be.

5. Integrity: Ensures information is not altered by any unauthorized person in such a way, it is not detectable to any authorized person.

6. Availability: Ensures that the system work properly and services are not denied to the authorized users.

7. Privacy: Ensures the user have full privacy while using information.

8. Cryptography: It helps to hide information from plain sight by recoding the information into some tangible form, only understood by system. It helps in protecting data while transmission and also data stored on a disk.

Computer Attack

It is useful to learn what kind of activities can make your computer vulnerable to computer hackers (people who attack computer to steal their information in order to harm them socially and economically). Computer programs and cracked softwares downloaded from unauthorized sites are one of the most common source of attack. A hacker usually attach a malware with these program to sneak into your computer. Some of other sources of malware attacks are

1. Downloadable Program

2. Cracked Softwares

3. E-mail Attachments

4. Booting from Unknown CD

5. Internet (Spoofing, Phishing, Adware and so on)

6. Unsecured Flash/Pen Drives

7. Not Running the Latest Update.

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